![]() ![]() Further, nationwide investigations on the mental health status of the general public since the beginning of the pandemic in countries such as Spain, Italy, Iran, USA, Turkey, Nepal, or Denmark consistently revealed lower psychological well-being and higher rates of negative mental health outcomes, such as higher rates of loneliness, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. ![]() First representative population-based studies on the immediate psychological responses of the lockdown due to COVID-19 in China found a moderate-to-severe psychological impact in more than half of the respondents one-third of the respondents reported moderate-to-severe anxiety and one-fifth suffered from depressive symptoms. Earlier reviews on the effects of previous virus outbreaks, other than COVID-19, on mental health showed overall negative psychosocial and psychological consequences. As these measures affect a large majority of people around the globe, they can be viewed as ubiquitous stressors, likely influencing people’s mental health. The rapid spread of the virus forced many governments around the world to issue measures, such as lockdowns, to avoid further spreading. The appearance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2, was described by the World Health Organization on 31st of January 2020 as a a public health emergency of international concern. Consequently, health services should especially identify and allocate resources to vulnerable individuals. Participants’ psychological state deteriorated over time in the delayed dysfunction group, putting them at risk for mental disorder development. Although most participants remained mentally healthy, as observed in the resilient group, we also observed inter-individual differences. Subgroups differed in perceived stress and COVID-19-specific positive appraisal. Three subgroups (“recovered,” 9.0% “resilient,” 82.6% “delayed dysfunction,” 8.4%) with different mental health responses to initial lockdown measures were identified. Positive pandemic appraisal, social support, and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation were positively, whereas perceived stress, daily hassles, and feeling lonely negatively related to mental health outcomes in the entire sample. Predictors for and distinct trajectories of mental health outcomes were determined, using multilevel models and latent growth mixture models, respectively. During lockdown, 523 participants completed additional weekly online questionnaires on e.g., mental health, COVID-19-related and general stressor exposure. The present study investigated the impact of COVID-19 related lockdown measures in a longitudinal German sample, assessed since 2017. Cross-sectional studies showed rather negative impacts on people’s mental health, while longitudinal studies considering pre-lockdown data are still scarce. The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting measures can be regarded as a global stressor. ![]()
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